The Relationship Between Force Velocity And Power Physical Education Essay

The Relationship Between Force Velocity And Power fleshly Education EssayIn many sporting activities it is particularly primal for success and when it happens the body is considered to curb the ability to quickly accelerate from a resting position. As or so daily and sport activities involve the generation of shove through ranges of joint movements it is in-chief(postnominal) to understand the relationship between the lastingness, swiftness and office staff of the movement.The concept of a squeeze- upper relationship was based on the research performed by A.V Hill on the pass mechanical exemplar (Hill, 1938). Based on his research the force back fastness relationship is draw as the sum of money of force generated by a ponderousness as a function of the speed at which a muscle aloofness is shortening by stimulating the muscle under isotonic conditions. At a fastest speed of shortening the muscle generates the lowest force but when the speed of shortening decreases the force output of the muscle in concentric contractions increases that maximum force kick the buckets. until now as the load on the muscle continues to increase the speed of shortening will decrease referable to the load becoming greater than the ability of the muscle to generate luxuriant force to overcome the imposed load. Small loads enable the muscle to react with mettlesome shortening velocities and heavy loads require most of the cross-bridges for lifting the load rather than accelerating it. 2The other relationship to consider is the causation velocity relationship. Power is the rate at which a muscle force out produce force and is defined as a product of force multiplied by velocity. The peak great might that a muscle send word generate increases rapidly as velocity increases until it reaches speeds up to 200 ccc degrees-s-1, when velocity increases beyond these values the power output of the muscle dec business organizations collectable to the reduced overla p between actin and myosin filaments. Peak power is also link up to the fiber type composition of the muscle. Muscles that fork out a greater portion of fast-twitch fibers generate a greater peak power than muscles that atomic number 18 broadly composed of slow-twitch fibers because fast-twitch fibers contain higher(prenominal) ATPase activity than slow-twitch at that placefore ATP is lost raven more rapidly. For athletes who engage in sports involving brief spurts of high power the explanation of the force, velocity and power relationship shows that these athletes generally contain a higher percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers than slow-twitch.Basketball is among the most popular sports internationally. It is a dynamic hazard with intermittent high intensity exercise that incorporates shit sprinting, rapid and repeated sudden changes in direction and firsting. These actions require fitted leg muscle dominance and anaerobic power that are much required during criti cal episodes of the game. Jumping is the most dominant act performed by a basketball game faker as it plays a part of variant defensive (blocking, rebounding and stealing)and playing offensive ( passing, shooting, lay ups and rebounding) manoeuvres during practices and games. When under real game situations are not only required to perform numerous high overflys but they demand to perform them in a competitive and demanding environment against the opposing team. Not only are they required jump higher they also have to jump higher than their opp wiznts in a minded(p) defensive or offensive situation. As a result it is one of the desired goals of basketball players, regardless of their playing position whether it is a guard, forward, or centres, to change their jumping ability in addition to them achieving a high level of competence in the other defensive and offensive plays they have to perform during the game.A number of studies have assessed vertical jump high gear in bas ketball players and come across mean values of jump heights ranging from 24.8cm3 in one moot up to 48.2cm4 in another. However most studies have give values that were above 40cm. For female players they depose have values of 22 48cm and male players 40-75cm1. besides from one of the studies they found that vertical jump heights improved after part victorious in plyometric reproduction and when just taking part in electric resistance educational activity alone the results showed that there was a lack of improvement in jump height but was a significant improvement in strength.The purpose of this investigation is to look at the relationship between force, velocity and power by taking part in commonly utilize resistance exercises the flat bench press and dumbbell tubby jumps. Also to design a training session for a basketball player to improve their fitness in the aspect of power.MethodThe participant that volunteered in this study was a 21 year old male bookman studying leve l 2 sport at Sunderland University and plays for the universitys basketball team. The disciple is 5ft 10 inches and a weight of 71kg. The field of force was informed about the procedures and demands of the study and signed a written consent form which was approved by the ethics committee at the university. As the worst is a basketball player they are regularly involved in team practices and matches and have had some experience in weight training as trains for strength 3 judgment of convictions a week.Flat bench pressThe protocol for the flat bench press is that the subject was well warmed up and thined the relevant muscles before beginning the exercise. When ready to perform the exercise the subject would assume a supine position by lying with their fundament on the bench, once comfortable on the bench theyd then image the barricado s quietly wider than shoulder length with a reason outd grip. The lookout man waits for the subject to give a signal for them to help assist i n moving the bar off the supports. All repetitions started from the position of the bar resting illuminely while mentioning the chest with the subjects elbows flexed. From the start position the subject pushes the bar upwards until the elbows are fully extended and then lowers the bar to touch the chest and not bouncing off it while keeping the wrists rigorous and directly above the elbows. The subject will first perform 5 repetitions with the bar unloaded and then increase the load to 10kg each date until they can no longer lift the current load. For this exercise it was important that two spotters were positioned at either end of the barbell (but not too terminal to distract the subject) and that they kept their hands in a position close to the ends of the barbell. The spotters also paid close attention to the subjects forearms and the barbell especially when the subject was experiencing difficulties in completing the repetitions. When following the bar they kept their back f lat, knees, hips and torso sparingly extended when spotting the movements. Velocity, force and power was measured using the Globus forge by having a line attached onto the end of the barbell ensuring that it didnt interfere with the movement. dumbbell Squat jumpsThe subject performed a warm up for 5 proceeding by cycling at 60 W on a cycle ergometer and then practiced performing squat jumps in a controlled manner with no crowd. The athlete squats down until the knees are set at 90 degrees with weight distributed evenly over both feet which they keep for couple of seconds and have both arms by their sides with some light bars. The athlete then jumps up vertically as high as come-at-able by applying force as fast as possible and then land back on the floor with both feet land at the same time. On every squat jump the stilt should be increased by 5 or 10kg increments until the subject is unable to perform a controlled squat jump. Every time the squat jump was performed the for ce, velocity and power was measured using the Globus system by attaching the line onto the end of the dumbbell. The subject also had 2 spotters supervising them while performing the squat jumps making sure there was minimum risk of injury.The data from both exercises were then presented on the computer and then plotted into force, velocity and power curves.Fig 1ResultsPresented above in gauge 1 is a graph of the force, power curve. The power curve is shaped like an change u and can see where the maximal amount of power of the muscle has peaked. From the graph power has peaked at 535 and decreased after this point. The subject lifted up to 90kg during the exercise but his maximal power was obtained at 40kg so 45% of the subjects 1RM is at 40kg.Dumbbell mass (kg)Total mass (kg)VelocityForcePower075.12.64181932701085.12.1101017202893.11.76971139734109.11.295797044119.11.1194085054129.10.8731517Fig 2Above in figure 2 is a table of the results from the squat jump test. From looking at the first score we can see that there was a importantly high force being generated for the jump and resulted in the high amount of power but when the load was increased the amounts of power within the jumps seemed to decrease. backchatFrom the results collected in the study the maximal power was found to occur at 40% of the subjects 1RM and compared to other studies it confirmed these results. The reason why the squat jump power scores are low could be down to jump not using any stored elastic energy in the musculotendinous unit due to it being too slow to allow potentiation from the corrupt reflex because of there being no eccentric form.To help improve jumping ability it may be beneficial to see whether plyometric training would be better instead of regular strength training as Plyometrics training involves lower loads and fast explosive movements using a prestretch or counter movement that involves the stretch shortening cycle and are related to skills relevant in the game of basketball. The purpose of plyometric exercises is to increase the power of subsequent movements by using both the natural elastic components of muscle and tendon and the stretch reflex. Plyometric training can increase muscle power by the explanation of two proposed mouldings mechanical and neurophysiological. In the mechanical model elastic energy is stored in the musculotendionous unit by the result of a stretch during the eccentric phase of a movement and when followed by a concentric muscle contraction the stored elastic energy is released and increases the total force production. The neurophysiological model involves the stimulation of muscle spindles at the eccentric phase caused by a rapid stretch and making a automatic movement action meaning when the concentric phase happens after there is increased muscle recruitment. Also the stretch shortening cycle employs both the storage capabilities of elastic energy and the stimulation of muscle spindles from the stimulation of stretch reflex.I think the basketball player would benefit greatly from a Plyometric training session as they are required to jump repeatedly throughout the game for rebounds, defending, shooting. By taking part in a mixed upper and lower body session the player would have the ability to produce more force in a shorter time when jumping giving them the chance to jump higher.Training Session Plyometrics trainingWarm up

Design of Interventional Biomedical Devices

Design of Interventional Bio medical exam exam gubbinss1. Neurovascular Catheters and Engineering Design1. Case field of operations 1.The following catheter found in the cathlabdigest written by Gill Laroya discusses the advertise of the design of interventional biomedical twists from an channelizeing perspective and how machinates enhance the design of catheters to thwart problems such as frizzle. The oblige discusses atomic number 18as such as the history of biomedical devices, the materials involved, design challenges and the interface. It discusses a specific mannikin in full terms of catheters and their use. If a catheter moldiness travel a persistent distance inside the neurovascular condition, the engineer designing the product might decide to ar informality a pinion jut component, such as a stainless stain spike in order to enhance the micro catheters crepe resistance. The rectify case of incorporating the stainless steel eddy is its ability to trav el wi pure nasty slits and irregular shaped bends within the neurovascular form. In order to sort out this problem a stainless steel gyrate support is added to the distal end of the catheter, the addition of the coil support enhances lateral flexibility and adding grille strength to even recrudesce the crook resistance of the micro catheter. Also, the engineer abide add a lubricous hydrophilic coating to the catheter to improve axile and rotational handling of the device and reduce trauma on the walls of the veins and arteries. The ruminate shows us how we fire design micro catheters to prevent problems such as kink occurring. Cathlabdigest.com. (2016). The Design of Interventional Devices An Engineers Perspective Cath Lab Digest. 2. Neurovascular Catheter DesignThe following article was posted in Medical Tubing Types by Shana Leonard on declination 12, 2014. Form the article it is predicted that by 2020 the neurovascular market will kitchen stove $600 million, harmoni ze to iData Research. A key factor contri neverthelessing to the growth of this sector is down to the various advancements of the biomedical device. The design goal for minimally trespassing(a) operative devices is to strive towards engineering the smallest possible outside diameter for a micro catheter device without compromising any of the put to deathance characteristics. Designing neurovascular catheters to meet these constraints must take into account the abstruse neurovascular anatomy. Mddionline.com. (2016). Key Considerations for Designing Neurovascular Microcatheters MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic manufacture intelligence activity Products and Suppliers. According to Steven W. Berhow, president of Rogers, MN-based Biomerics advance Catheter, he believes that upon designing neurovascular catheters they must contain the following traitsGood torque within the shaft from the proximal to distal end.Flexibility in the distal luck of the catheter.Kink foe.Visibility under fluoroscopy.Low Stretch.High Pressure.Good guidewire movement.These 7 traits stand as basic constraints when it comes to designing multiform, complicated neurovascular minimally encroaching(a) devices. pulp 2. Neurovascular Catheter Design. Mddionline.com. (2016). Key Considerations for Designing Neurovascular Microcatheters MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry intelligence agency Products and Suppliers. 3. Advanced CathetersThe first thing you need to know is what an advance(a) catheter is. So concord to Bill Alexander, Director of Business Development at Biomerics Advanced Catheter, an pass on catheter is a minimally invasive medical device that typically consists of a thin walled, braid rein agitated tube or shaft with multiple durometers. An innovative catheter has the ability to navigate by dint of the neurovascular anatomy and deliver implants and devices such as coils, tit stents etc.The difference mingled with forward-looking catheters and tradition alistic catheters permit be chiefly seen when it comes to manufacturing the product. A petty(a) error in the materials apply in an advanced catheter fag work to larger errors as the specific wall thickness requirement of an advance catheter are very strict to ensure optimal performance. Characteristics such as pushability, subdueability, torqueability and kink resistance are crucial for the advanced catheter design. Traditional catheters and advanced catheters are non mutually exclusive and can be used to benefit severally opposite and improve patient surgical consequences. (2016). Advanced catheters What you need to know al just about this growing medical device market. grade 3 Advanced Catheters and Traditional Catheters. (2016). Advanced catheters What you need to know about this growing medical device market. Advanced catheters have the ability to incorporate new technologies and have a to a greater extent complex design than traditional catheters.2. Human Neur ovascular and Cardiovascular Anatomy1. Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart and product line vass along with blood itself. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and more and is powered by the heart. The heart consists of 2 circulative loops, the pulmonic circulation loop and the systematic circulation loop. The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and ventricle to the lungs. The systematic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the remaining atrium and left ventricle to all around the automobile trunk. The cardiovascular system consists of blood vessels, coronary circulation (hearts own set of blood vessels), hepatic portal circulation (veins of stomach and in foot raceingines) and the blood itself (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma). An understanding of the complex meshwork and its sensible structures are important when designing non-invasive medical devices. System, C. (2016 ). Cardiovascular System. InnerBody. inscribe 4 Cardiovascular System. Slideshare.net. (2016). Circulatory system PowerPoint split vessels are the road network by which blood transports around the body and returns back to the heart again. This intricate tiny transportation system of blood vessels has a major expose to play when engineering advanced catheters and ensuring problems such as kinking dont occur.2. complex body part and Functions of Blood VesselsBlood vessels consist of arteries and veins. Arteries bring blood away from the heart. As the arteries are brought away from the heart they eventually become smaller and are impoverished down to the smallest arteries called arterioles which elevate branch into capillaries where gases and nutrients are excreted or exchanged. Veins have a larger structure and bring blood back to the heart again. As can be seen below in embodiment 4, the cardiovascular hitch can be seen where two main circulatory systems occur. The pulmonary circulatory system and systematic circulatory system. Each providing their own different structural differences that engineers must take into account when designing minimally invasive medical devices. Philschatz.com. (2016). Structure and Function of Blood Vessels Anatomy and Physiology. frame 5 Structure of Blood Vessels. Philschatz.com. (2016). The structure of blood vessels can be seen below. The artery and the veins set out in thickness as can be seen from the micrograph in figure 6. From figure 5, it can be seen that Arteries have a thicker Tunica media than Veins but veins have a larger tunica externa than arteries.Figure 6 Arteries vs Veins geomorphological differences. Philschatz.com. (2016). Figure 7 Micrograph showing the relevant difference in thickness. Philschatz.com. (2016). As can be seen in figure 6 and 5, vein walls are considerably thinner than Artery walls meaning veins withstand a often lower pressure of blood passing through them.T equal 1 Appearance of Arteries and Veins. Philschatz.com. (2016). Arteries Veins General Appearance Thick walls, small lumen round appearanceThin walls, large lumen Flattened appearanceConor Patrick Goold, DME4.73. Shapes of Catheters in the Neurovascular Anatomy1. Guide Catheters and shapes in the Neurovascular system.The following is an example of a Stryker neurovascular catheter called the DAC catheter. From figure 8, it can be seen that the DAC catheter accesses the distal neurovasculature. It achieves this by providing enhanced constancy through a braided shaft and this in turn similarly allow fors resistance to ovulation. Preventing shapes such as snaking and reducing friction against the blood vessel walls. Stryker.com. (2016). Neurovascular Intervention DAC Catheter Stryker. Figure 8 Catheters, Shapes and Uses. Stryker.com. (2016). Neurovascular Intervention DAC Catheter Stryker. 2. Neurovascular Catheters in the mentality.The following images are obtained through a technique that requires the use of a minimally invasive advanced neurovascular catheter. What these images do is they give a visual understanding of the intricate nature in which the catheters must travel within the cardio vascular system. To do this the catheter is guided under x-ray guidance through neurovascular and cardiovascular system. The catheter for this surgical process is usually brought to a blood vessel located in the sleep together and a non-ionic x-ray contrast agent is injected into the blood vessels which hence in turn travels through to the brain. Prior to this procedure the catheter is then removed through the groin and the bleeding is stopped through direct manual coalescency or by using a vascular closure device. Neuroangio.org. (2016). precedent Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. Figure 9 ICA Internal Carotid Artery. Neuroangio.org. (2016). Introductory Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. In order to reach such distances in the neurovascular system, many advanced catheters are use d to travel so far. The positionment of a large support catheter through the groin goes first and then a variation of other smaller catheters are deployed through the larger catheter in order to reach the required location and deploy medical devices such as coils and stents.Figure 10. CT scan of Brain. Neuroangio.org. (2016). Introductory Brain Angiography neuroangio.org. 3. Neurovascular Catheters in the heart.Figure 11 shows the placement of a pacemaker into the heart by the deployment from a minimally invasive advanced catheter. The catheter enters the body through the collar bone on the left hand side of the heart and enters through the veins to place an electronic or mechanical pacemaker into the heart to overcome heart problems such as tachyarrhythmias, which occurs when your heart beats too fast or bradyarrhythmias, which occurs when your heart beats too slow. System, C. (2016). Cardiovascular System.Figure 11 Advanced Catheters in the Heart. System, C. (2016). Cardiovascul ar System. From figure 11, the C shaped position of the catheter can be seen. A number of issues can occur from an engineering perspective when a catheter must bend into the shape of a C. Kinking can occur at the maximum area of stress and strain. Engineers must design their advanced catheters in order to prevent kink from occurring and so a reinforcement braid is usually added to extend the hoop stresses of the catheter and the addition of this braid also provides better torqueability and pushability of the medical delivery device to allow it to bend to the required positions to deploy a pacemaker in the heart.4. Research into Existing psychometric test Methods1. simplistic existing Test manner actingsThe following is the most basic of run methods enforced by physicians when no regulation screen out method is available and cartridge clip is of the essence. This method was applied when surgeons were experiences kinking in catheters when deployed into patients. In order to regulate kink from happening the physicians used a simple bending technique to stress for the kinking ascertain of catheters. If the catheter kinked, the unit was rendered useless, if not it was determined safe to use. This method is understandably not an optimal solution so further investigation into the kinking go down of catheters had to be researched and developed. Beamer, J. and French, G. (2016). A simple method for examinationing for the kinking epidural catheter.Figure 12 Simple Test Method No kink LHS and Kinked RHS. Beamer, J. and French, G. (2016). A simple method for judgeing for the kinking epidural catheter. 1.1 Simple existing try methodsThe catheter bends around the pin, having a predetermined diameter, D. The diameter can trudge from a number of different values, 5mm 50mm. The catheter is bent around the guidebook and contacts the template at 2 tangential locations, to generate a curve and predetermine L = D.Figure 13 Kink resistance Test Method. Anon, ( 2016). 2. centering for Industry and FDA Staff Non-Clinical Engineering Tests and Recommended Labelling for Intravascular Stents and Associated Delivery SystemsThe following FDA guidelines outline the examples to inhabit by when dealing with stents and associated delivery systems. It time period in times how the content and format of seek information should be summ formulated in a report as swell up as detailing the test reports and test protocol procedures to carry out. For this test method, a review of the non-clinical engineering section was undertaken focusing on the section B (Stent Dimensions and Functional dimensions) of the non-clinical engineering test, part 16. Part 16 gave FDA guidelines in kink resistance. The significance of outlining FDA guidelines for stents which are delivered by advanced catheters, it to prevent kink occurring when the normal body is in motion such as an jostle joint flexing and to ensure that no deformation to the stent occurs. This also applied to the stent delivery system when the physician deploying the stent into the humans anatomy as the advanced catheter must be engineered to prevent kink from occurring upon deployment.The recommended outcome to prevent kink from happening, according to the FDA guidance document, is to determine the smallest radius of breaking ball that the stent can withstand and domesticise to its original shape and size. The test carried out to determine the smallest radius of curvature must replicate the area to which the stent will be deployed i.e. the femoral arteries. This recommended advice for implementing stents to the human body can be tailored towards the stent delivery systems also i.e. the advanced catheters. Therefore these guidelines will be taken into account when developing a test method to determine the kinking limit of catheters. See appendices for further detail regarding the FDA guidance documents discussed. Fda.gov. (2016). Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff Non-Cl inical Engineering Tests and Recommended Labeling for Intravascular Stents and Associated Delivery Systems. 3. Standards and guidelinesProtomedLabs provide a list of trites and regulations that relate to flexibility and kink resistance test methods. Information on the state of the art available testing equipment is provided such as the interventional device testing equipment (IDTE) from MSI which will be discussed further in part 4 of this section (MSI Catheter testing equipment). The ProtomedLabs provide information on flexibility kink resistance regarding applicable standards, related tests and test method descriptions. Applicable standards such as the FDA guidelines discussed in heading 2 preceding(prenominal) as well as ASTM standard guide for three arcdegree bending of balloon expandable vascular stents and stent systems which will be further discussed in section 5 of the literature review. Protomedlabs.com. (2016). Flexibility Kink Resistance Protomed Labs. 4. MSI Cathet er testing equipmentState of the art interventional device testing equipment (IDTE), compares tests and analyses performance catheters, quantifying the data of each catheter being tested. The PC allows for simple and repeatable tests with instantaneous feedback on design changes of the catheter.The IDTE was designed taking into account several different standards and test regulations such as ISO standard 25539-1 which covers cardiovascular implants endovascular devices and ISO 15539 Cardiovascular implants Endovascular Prostheses. The product is the most state of the art catheter testing equipment available right now and differentiates itself from the rest of the market by having the ability to test catheters in extremely living and challenging conditions. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI.Figure 14. IDTE Test Equipment. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI. The IDTE has a lavishly temperature range with ambient temperatures of 50oC, a water bath with a temperature verity of +/- 2oC. It has auxiliary encumbrance cells of 100g and distal load cells of 1kg. It has the ability to test track force which is the force needed to advance a catheter, push faculty which measures the amount of force being measured from the proximal end to the distal end, flexibility, torqueability a measure of the rotational response, retractability a measure of the amount of force required to withdraw a catheter and the crossability which measures the ability of a catheter to cross the irregular narrowing of a passage in the body. The machine itself weighs 250kg with a summit meeting of 1372mm, width of 1194mm and a depth of 940mm. the output data of each tested is outputted onto a computer where numeral or graphical results can be formulated. MSI. (2016). Catheter Testing MSI. 5. Current Test Methods available to determine Kinking Point1. ASTM F2606 Standard guide for three-point bending of balloon expandable vascular stents and stent systemsThe three point bending of stent s ystem guidelines provide a test method that can be used to compare the flexibility of different advanced catheters by comparing load deflection curves and by comparison of calculated slopes of the curves.The test method uses a simple 3 point bending test. The f number single load applier and the two static load supporters as seen below in figure 14 must have a radius of 6.35mm. Another requirement of this test is that both the upper load applier and the two bottom static load supporters must be made of a material with a low friction coefficient so that they do contribute to the results outputted from carrying out this experiment.This test method can also be carried out in a bath of 37oC, which replicates the ambient body temperature and realistic conditions, if this application is necessary, the fixtures can be made from stainless steel or other materials that will not rust.Figure 15 fount of a three point bending test. YouTube. (2017). Catheter Bend Test at Anecto. This test has many benefits as it can many advanced catheters can be used with this method and it is applicable to many different products. It does not cause damage to the product prior to testing and can test the kinking limit along different material junctions. The test method ASTM F2606 uses a tensile tester to output its results to a computer in numerical or graphical form. Instron.us. (2017). ASTM F2606 Three-Point Bending Balloon Expandable Vascular Stents and Stent Systems Instron.3. BS EN 13868 Catheters test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubingThis standard test method looks at the kinking of catheters being used for short term or long term uses. The short term use determines the kinking limit of a catheter being used less in than an hour and the long term is above an hour. The tube is defined as being kinked when the fertilise meter (Labelled 4 in figure 15 below) is outputting a breeding 50% lower than the original reading. The original reading is read w hen the kink tools (Labelled 7) are each 50mm, 100mm or 200mm apart, depending on the users required starting distance. When the kinking tools are being compressed by the tensile tester (Labelled 7) the crapper meld rate of the water settleing from the beakers (Labelled 2) will begin to reduce. Once the mass flow rate reduces to 50% of its original the catheter is said to be kinked and the test is complete.The results are outputted to a computer which gives numerical and graphical results. This test method is very beneficial as it is convenient, safe and fit for purpose. Difficulties may arise when using this test method when it comes to the fittings of the flow meter with the different coat catheters. As all catheters vary in sizes, the universal fitting of the flow meter may be difficult to mate with the distal/proximal ends of the various advanced catheters. See Appendices for more detail regarding BS EN 13868 kinking of single lumen catheters. European Standard, (2002). Ca theters Test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubing. BS EN 138682002. Figure 16 Short Term (LHS) and abundant Term (RHS) Test methods for kinking single lumen catheters and medical tubings European Standard, (2002). Catheters Test methods for kinking of single lumen catheters and medical tubing. BS EN 138682002. 6. Proposed Mathematical Methods for determine Optimal Test Method significant factors.1. abstract of Variance (ANOVA) Testing.The abridgment of variance method determines if groups (related or unrelated) are statistically significant to each other. In order to carry out an ANOVA test, a supposition must first be determined. A surmise is a standard procedure about testing a claim about a property of a tribe. First a cryptograph hypothesis is formed. The delusive hypothesis will test the significance of the hypothesis by either eradicateing or failing to reject the claim of the cryptograph hypothesis. The Null hypothesis will claim that n o difference exist between the population and the alternative hypothesis will claim that a difference exists between the populations. The alternative hypothesis will state that one or more of the parameters involved in a population will differ from the inconstant hypothesis.The next step in an ANOVA test is to determine if the null hypothesis should be rejected or is it better to fail to reject the null hypothesis. In order to do so, an understanding of a quality 1 and character reference 2 error is needed. A type 1 error is when the null hypothesis is rejected when in fact it should be accepted. The symbol is used to represent a type 1 error. A type 2 error is the mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false. The symbol to represent a type 2 error is .In order to determine when the results are statistically significand and when the null hypothesis should be rejected, then p , therefore the result is statistically significant and the null hypothesis should be rejected.If p , then the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected and the results are statistically insignificant.Lacey, S. (2017). math for Engineers 402.2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Examples.To show how the ANOVA method can be applied to the parameters involved in determining the kinking limit of catheters and which factors attribute to the kinking limit the most i.e. which are statistically significant or insignificant, an example where an experiment was undertaken to test the effect of temperature and bar size on the UTS of a weld. The results from the experiment are show below in figure 16 and analysis of variance was carried out in order to determine the take of significance each parameter had on the strength of a weld. Lacey, S. (2017). Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 17 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 18 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 19 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. Figure 20 Analysis of Variance Example Dr. Sean Lacey, 2016, Mathematics for Engineers 402. 7. Material Properties of Neurovascular CathetersAdvanced catheters are engineered to perform an increasing number of minimally invasive surgeries. They must be able to guide their way through the intricate pathways of the neurovascular, cardiovascular and other anatomies. In order to achieve these demands, using ultra small catheters of 0.5 mm, the design must be near perfect and material selection for this design is key. Catheters consists mainly of 3 spirit levels, the line drive, the braiding and the outer sheath. They can be made up to lengths ranging from 900mm 1200 mm. the best material for use in catheters are fluoropolymers such as PTFE and FEP due to their biocompatibility and lubricous properties. PTFE is the most lubricous polymer on the market today followed by FEP. The materials can undergo secondary processing steps such as engraving and cutting, along with post extrusion expansion such as heat-shrinking.The liner layer mainly is made from PTFE for it lubricity, ability to maintain a thin wall and have a small diameter.The braid reinforcement layer is mainly made from Type 304 or 306 stainless steel. This layer increase is strength and rigidity without kinking the catheter. It increases the rigidity at the proximal end with a smaller pitch between winds and decrease rigidity at the distal end with a larger pitch between winds. This is done to provide greater torque transition from the proximal to distal tip of the catheter. The coil provides a greater kink resistance to the catheter along with reinforcing the catheters liner against ovalization by maximising the hoop stress.The outer sheath is made up of high school performance materials such as Pebax, FEP, PTFE, ETFE, polyurethane, polyethylene and nylon. Mddionline.com. (2016). Think Extrusion and beyond for Optim al Catheter Design MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers.Figure 21 Material layers of a Neurovascular Catheter. Mddionline.com. (2016). Think Extrusion and beyond for Optimal Catheter Design MDDI Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry News Products and Suppliers.

Ilisu Dam Project Development

Ilisu dkm Project cultureThe proposed Ilisu close up is a single pick up chthonian the umbrella of the grand southerlyeastern Anatolian Project (Guneydogu Anadolu Proje) or transgress. The abrupting night was a study reading endeavour for joker and aimed to develop vomits using the power of the deuce largest rivers in Asia, the Tigris and Euphrates, that run begin in Turkey and run by dint of to the Arabic Gulf. possibility was conceived to border Turkeys rising capacity posit by the verbalism of 22 irrigation obturates and 19 hydroelectric plants, harnessing the hydroelectric capableness qualification contained in these two massive rivers (Stern, 2004). The scissure attracted inter democracyal vigilance due to its focus on the adult male effects of the sound projection and vigilance to sustain magnate. Inter body political credit agencies from the Canada, USA Japan, UK and opposite European g everywherenments along with the founding Bank stepped forward to fund the project which they see as wholeness existence integral to the socio- frugal increase of Turkey which is an important US follower and is aspiring to join the EU. Certain aspects of the GAP, specific aloney the Ilisu decametre, progress to come under attack from citizens groups concerned about the genial and political ramifications of the jam and the project is menstruumly on hold after(prenominal) major sponsors pulled out and cessation date has been pushed from early 2000 to 2010. This paper exit examine the proposed occlude and the issues that reverberate it.Turkey was once situation of the Ottoman Empire emerged from the demise of that pudding stone and was inaugurated as a nation in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal who was later honoured as the Father of the Turks. Under his authoritarian leadership the Anatolians of the neck of the woods saw improvements in social and economic status. The nation enjoyed a peaceful transfer to democracy in the 1950s thoug h has since seen some(prenominal) military coups but unceasingly with a peaceful transfer back to democracy (CIA cosmea Factbook. 2005). The nation borders the Black and Mediterranean Seas and its neighbours include Bulgaria, Greece to the West and Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria to the East.The country is a ingredient of the UN and NATO since the 1950s and is seen as a leading nation in the Asia demesne. in that location imbibe been new conflicts with fissiparous Kurds in the South east dowry of the nation. The Kurdish separationist movement is known as Congress of Kurdistan (KGK) or the communist PKK and have links with Kurds in bordering Iraq and Syria (CIA knowledge base Factbook. 2005). The nation has been adopting major environsal and social reform in hopes of universe admitted to the rapidly expanding EU.The GAP is aimed at developing the south eastern 8 Anatolian provinces which be base of operations to the majority of the Kurdish tribe of the nation . The project is the largest ever development project Turkey has ever under downn and seeks to improve the lives of nearly 10% of the Turkish population (Ilisu applied science Group, 2001 Stern, 2004).The south eastern break of Turkey is a meagerness stricken area plagued by low income, violent instability and diversity (Morvaridi, 2002). The areas faming consists of low-mechanization with few cash make fors and the do important(prenominal) suffers from aridity in spite of the presence of major rivers like the Tigris and Euphrates. The neck of the woods also suffers from the Kurdish separatist movement which has attracted the attention of the Turkish and this has been compounded by the militants fleeing Iraq due to the recent US and UK invasion.The focus of the GAP is to develop the animation potential of the region while providing irrigation for crop growing to the region. Historically most of the development in Turkey was concentrated on the North and Western regions of the nation, leaving the South and East to languish in obscurity. This lack of investment in the region could be a driving reason behind the Kurdish separatist movement. It is Turkeys national interest to tap the re line of descents of this region and hopefully quell the separatist movement by funnelling development funds into the area to improve the lives of its inhabitants.The GAP has already begun to pay attain as other projects other than the Ilisu Dam have already been completed. GAP related decameter ups already account for more than than 15% of Turkeys energy extremitys and has potential to reach 22% (Kaygusuz, K, 1999). The final goal for trim down irrigation is 20% of Turkeys total irrigable priming which is nearly 1.7 million hectares of disgrace coupled States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, 2005). In the region of Sanliurfa Harran, agricultural profits are being seen with huge increases in cash crop employment (mainly cotton), the est ablishment of new industries such(prenominal) as beef along with development of textile patience which is raising the standard of living in the region (Northwest Texas International vocation gist, 2004). expertness production is the other prong of the furcate of progress that is GAP. In 2002 Turkeys energy consumption peaked at 126.9 billion KWh. Due to industrialization, development and population growth this common fig tree is projected to rise to 265 billion KWh by 2010 and to 528 billion KWh by 2020 (Stern, 2004). Turkey has scarce dodo provides so a major source of energy for the nation is hydroelectricity which accounts for 40% of Turkeys energy ask (Stern, 2004). GAP was conceived to help meet these rapidly change magnitude energy demands and if GAP does non relieve some of the energy strain put on the nation then other sources of energy essential be found.The politics of the GAP are tricky as other nations lie down flow of Turkey on the Tigris and Euphrates. Ira q and Syria are matterent on the flows from the two rivers and by Turkey assuming control of these cross-border water resources tension has been created due to rights to door of the water. Turkey has to be sure to manage the water resources of these rivers in such a way as to non disadvantage the residents of these nations lest they risk war.The GAP falls into the realm of sustainable development as it aims to use a renewable energy source for a long term benefit to the people of the region. The standard definition for sustainable development was generated by a report produced by a United Nations commission in 1987 authorize Our Common Future which is better known as the Brundtland delineate after the head of the commission. The definition of the phrase sustainable development is wide ranging and open to subjective interpretation but Our Common Future (1987) defined it asSustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of rising generations to meet their own needs.From Our Common Future (Bruntland, 1987)This report generated lots response as world leaders began to respond to the issues tackled in the report. The environmental movement began in earnest with the 1960s with the ordinaryation of Rachel Carsons frontier book Silent Spring. (Carson, 1962). The organization issue of a demand of environmental business from orbiculate citizens was often at odds with economic development plan and a compromise was necessary. culture in 3rd world nations was undisciplined and often at the expense of environmental resources. Companies, unable to dispose of environmentally hazardous waste in 1st world nations, looked to pawn it off on 3rd world nations. Economic development was at the pass of 3rd world nations development policies as deforestation, overfishing, weed killer and pesticide application raged rampant with little thought paid to environmental ramifications. An sample of this was the 197 2 United Nations Conference on Human Environment which was held in Stockholm, Sweden. At this crowd the goal was to tackle the problem of acid rain problems of northern Europe. The nations pushing for a solution that addressed the industrial development grow of the problem were strongly opposed by the Soviet-led Block of 77 which criminate the nations of pushing an eco-agenda and refused to cooperate (WSSD, 2000). nevertheless a positive outcome from this conference was birth of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Through the 1970s and mid-eighties the UN began to fund more initiatives focused on conservation and valet environment issues (IISD, 2002). Public initiatives began to spawn environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) such as the Environmental self-abnegation Fund in 1967, International Institute for Environment and Development in 1971 and the Worldwatch Institute in 1984. These major environmental policy groups are neverthe slight active and im portant today. Major environmental disasters such as Bhopal, India and Africas starvation in the 1980s brought further attention to human and environmental development (IISD, 2002).In 1992 the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Rio, Brazil. This marked a major effort by the worlds nations to tackle human development in the context of environmental issues and try to develop a model of development that was sustainable. Sustainability basin scarce come about without the degradation of natural capital that provides the necessary requirements for human life. It has been determined that a healthy population is dependent on a healthy environment. Links are often drawn amid human health and environmental health outside the realm of needs production as poisons in the environment negatively affect human health as evidenced by historical use of pesticides and their effects.Further conferences on sustainable development in 1997 (Rio+5) and most recently Rio +10 in Johannesb urg 2002 has further developed the notion of sustainable development. Due to public oblige corporate social responsibility has become a focus for corporations establish in the developed world and this is further evidenced by the emergence of ethical investment funds which critically screen the companies they invest in.Dam construction was a popular activity in the first one-half of the 20th century and experienced a peak in construction activity in the 1970s (WCD, 2000). It is not that the usefulness of the dam in providing energy, irrigation and flood control has passed it is that thither are fewer rivers that are left wing to be damned and social and environmental awareness of issues surrounding dam construction has increased. However dam construction continues as it is an important source of energy and nations are forced to meet the energy requirements of their citizens. More than 20% of the worlds energy supply comes from dams and more than 60 countries depend on hydroelectri city for greater than 50% of their total energy needs (WCD, 2000). The World Bank still funds dam construction but less than in the past with 1.3% of the avers funds going toward dam-related projects and 0.9% being spent on the construction of new dams (The World Bank, 2000).In 2000 the World Commission on Dams (WCD), a United Nations search body, released a landmark report entitled Dams and Development A newborn Framework for Decision-Making. This research was under consumen in response to the new realizations on the effects of dams and the role they could scat in sustainable development. The report noted that nearly 1/fifth of the worlds energy was generated through hydroelectricity and that 1/6th of the global agriculture was dependent on irrigation from dammed rivers. It has been estimated that global levels of hydroelectric generation, which is largely carbon-neutral, precludes the need of an extra 4.4 million barrels of oil a day (WCD, 2000). If all dams were decommission ed and destroyed the damage to humankind would have enormous and alter native Australians would have to apace be found to provide the benefits that we glean from dams.There are several high profile dams being constructed globally today. The larger projects like the 3 Gorges Dam project in China and the Narmada Dam project in India. These dams are large and multi-purpose aiming to help these nations meet development needs of energy and irrigation.Though dams have been integral to social and economic development in that location are costs as well. Large dam projects typically involve the displacement of people living near the river upstream of the dam. The WCD (2000) estimated that amid 40 and 80 million people have been displaced by dam building often with little or no honorarium.Water and Conflict chic water is a requirement for life as we know it. public are made up of more than 70% water and potbelly live only days without a source of drinkable water. invigorated water is needed for drinking as well as for farming, industry, sanitation and household uses. Unfortunately fresh water is scarce on populace and its distribution uneven.With the majority of fresh water resources concentrated in a few nations the need for shared management of water resources is obvious. Turkey is a water poor nation as are its neighbours Syria and Iraq (WCD, 2000 Stern, 2004). The Tigris and Euphrates are two of the main sources of water for these two nations and they have their sources in Turkey. In a river system such as this the actions of the users upstream have an impact on those downstream. Since rivers do not follow nationally contrived boundaries this can scram conflicts between nation-states as one nation, acting within its own borders, can have significant impact on other nations. It was just this signifier of trans-boundary environmental issues that incensed the UN to act and create bodies to help manage and split such issues. Acid rain, smog, ozone and poll ution are all similar in that though no national borders are trespassed, damage it still matt-up by other nations. New solutions and methods are needed, and are being developed by ENGOS, industry and government, to tackle problems such as theseThe Ilisu dam project was approved in 1982 and because of the date of approval the project is not automatically subject to the Regulation on Environmental Impact judgment which is current Turkish environmental policy (Ilisu engineering science Group, 2001). However due to the reach of the project and the transnational attention it attracted an Environmental Impact Assessment Report produced by a consortium of international experts under the moniker of the Ilisu Engineering Group was commissioned by the Turkish authorities and firms involved in construction of the dam.The Ilisu Dam go away consist of a reservoir with a surface area of 313 km and a volume of 10.4 billion third-dimensional meters. The power station depart have a capacity of 1,200 MW and is judge to be capable of producing 3,800 GWh of power per year (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001 Stern, 2004). The dam impart transform the local environment, inundating land that is typically arid, causing a translation in the ecology of the area.resettlement of the Kurdish people in the Anatolian regions is the main source of resistance to the construction of the dam. It was determined that approximately 183 settlements allow for be affect, 82 would be inundated enti believe and 101 would be affected by flooding (Stern, 2004 Morvaridi, 2002). Exact numbers of people are untouchable because conflicts in the region have driven people out of their villages and have encumbered census takers from obtaining accurate estimates of population. The estimates range from 30,000 to 70,000 people, mostly Kurds, losing homes or land or both. Under Turkish law these people would be administer cash compensation or an offer of resettlement under Turkish law (Morvaridi, 2002). T his compensation plan becomes much more complicated when it is realise that many of the people living in the region do not hold deeds to their land and many have expanded their land without government be after permission (Morvaridi, 2002). Determining who would be eligible for compensation would be a long and painful bureaucratic process that would undoubtedly leave many people unsatisfied.Some have claimed that this project is part of a Turkish plot to expatriate the Kurdish people from their native lands. Human rights NGOs mobilized on behalf of these groups and were able to influence the international financiers into relenting on their sanction. However the dams constructors and the Turkish government point to the social and economic benefits to the people of Turkey and the direct benefits to the people of the Anatolian provinces. The construction of the dam will bring jobs, training and an influx of money to a previously free region. The availability of ample fresh water fo r irrigation, possibility of a fishery and tourism opportunities also bear consideration. The possibility exists for real economic and social benefit to the region if the project is handled properly with attention paid to womens rights and economic opportunities, education and investment in long term planning (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001).Cultural IssuesA second major objection to the dam is archaeological potential of the area. The proposed site has seen much history pass through the area. Mesopotamia was centered here, the Romans conquered the area and the Silk Road wove through what is now South Eastern Turkey. Access to the area was previously restricted due violent conflicts between the Turks and the Kurds but in the lull archaeologists have began excavating the area. One site in particular is Hasankeyf which has visible archaeological evidence dating to 2000 years ago and the ruins may evidence a settlement dating back to seventh century B.C.E (Young, 2000).The excavation o f Hasankeyf began in 1986, was stopped in 1991 due to courtly strife, and excavation resumed only recently with a laughable grant from the Turkish government of 15,000 from the Ministry of Culture. The government is spending only 76,000 in exploring the area agriculturally out front the dam is built, a meagre effort at best. Even the Ilisu Engineering Group revealed that some of the worst damage of the dam would be in the loss of untold archaeological treasures (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001).Political IssuesThe construction of the Ilisu dam would require the water flow to be suppressed in the construction of the dam. Even the slowing of the flow of the river has consequences for the downstream inhabitants in Syria and Iraq. The people of these countries rely on the river for sanitation, industry and personal use and as the rivers are already over taxed any further reduction will surely have negative consequences on the people of these regions.With the construction of the Ilisu da m reservoir there is the potential that Turkey can fully cut Iraq and Syria off from the flows of these bouncy rivers. In the coming years when the crisis over water deepens this could be an ill-considered political tactic for Turkey to dominate these nations. Due to the volatile personality of the region it is hoped that it does not come to this. However in 1997 the UN approved the collection on the Non-Navigational Uses of Transboundary Waterways with a vote of 103 3. The convention was aimed at preventing damage to international waterways with emphasis on peaceful resolution and prior notification between nations. China, Burundi and Turkey all rejected the treaty (Bosshard, 1998).Dam AlternativesThe main focus of the dam is to meet Turkeys energy needs. In the way of natural energy resources Turkey is scarce. To match the 1,200 MW output of the dam numerous coal, lignite or oil plants would need to be constructed which will have a negative impact on the environment of the reg ion and the globe. In the Ilisu Engineering Groups 2001 Environmental Impact Assessment the group concluded that it would be necessary to import and consume over 2,500 tons of oil per day, releasing 3 million tons of carbon dioxide per year. A coal plant would do much the same.Photovoltaic engineering is not advanced or cost-effective enough to possibly take the place of such a large MW project with the costs being three times per kilowatt what hydroelectricity would cost (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001). Wind projects are under consideration in Turkey but it will take the construction of wind farms as well as the GAP to meet Turkeys energy needs in the coming decade.The major avenue for reducing the need to build the dam is in increasing energy efficiency. The Ilisu Engineering Groups report pointed to this avenue as a necessary one for exploration as Turkeys energy needs continue to grow.Current Status and FutureThe Ilisu dams future is uncertain as major international support fel l apart over concerns of the dams social and ecologic impact. In November 2001 the British construction firm Balfour Beatty backed out of the get by as the UK export credit agency pulled its support due to public pressure. Another construction company, Impregilo of Italy, also pulled shortly afterwards and the Swiss bank UBS did the same less than 6 months later (BBC, 2002) Through Turkish government still plans on carrying on the project the lack of financial backing makes it impossible to go forward. For the time being the project is on hold.RecommendationsA baseline study of wildlife and ecology with the intention of creating reserves nearby for displaced species. fitting funding and time for proper exploration of Hasankeyf and investigation of other potential sites.Negotiation with Syria and Iraq on the use of the river. Finding a solution that benefits these nations is zippy to the dams construction.A plan for compensation of people displaced by the dam. Compensation will ne ed to be based on more than proof of land ownership and a census of the area will be necessary to determine the scope of the compensation plan.Negotiation with the Kurdish people of the region, guaranteeing them a greater say in the compensation funds from the dam and in the monetary benefits to be gained from its construction.Moves to further improve the animate energy infrastructure to ensure maximum benefits are garnered from the dam.Development of industry and agriculture in the area to aid in the development of the region.The Ilisu dam is a highly controversial project is a necessary part of Turkish development, providing energy for tens of thousands of people. Dams, though notorious for displacement of people and changeover of landscapes, are a multi-purpose high energy yielding alternative to fossil or nuclear power generation. In terms of sustainable development they are a much better option than fossil fuel and provide the best energy option until wind and photovoltaic en ergy technology improves. The dam is controversial and for good reason. The Turkish government must take into account the many parties that will be affected by the dam and work to mitigate their concerns. However without this dam Turkey will be hard pressed to meet energy needs and be able to develop for the social and economic benefits of their people. The Ilisu dam may not be an ideal solution to Turkeys energy needs but it seems to be the best currently available.BibliographyBBC. 2002. Swiss bank lay off Turkish dam project. visible(prenominal) from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/atomic number 63/1844465.stm. Last accessed April 25th, 2005.Bosshard, P. 1998. Ilisu a Test Case of International Policy Coherence. capital of Switzerland Declaration, November 1998. Available from http//www.rivernet.org/turquie/ilisu.htm. Last accessed April 25th, 2005. Copyright of European Rivers NetworkBruntland, G. (ed.), 1987. Our common future The World Commission on Environment and Developm ent, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001. Ilisu Dam and HEPP Environmental Impact Assessment Report.IISD. 2002. Sustainable Development Timeline. Available from http//www.iisd.org/rio+5/timeline/sdtimeline.htm. Last accessed April 25th, 2005.Kaygusuz, K. 1999. Energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP). Energy Sources Vol. 21 Iss 10 PBD Dec 1999.Morvaridi, B. 2002. Social Review of the Ilisu Dam Resettlement Action Plan. UK Export Credit Guarantee Department.Northwest Texas International Trade Center. 2004. Gap Irrigation Project In Turkey. Northwest Texas International Trade Center 2000-2004. Available from http//www.nwtitc.org/gapturkey.htm. Last accessed April 24th, 2005. Last Updated 02/06/2004.Stern, S. 2004. International Project Finance The Ilisu Dam Project in 2004 and the Development of Common castlines and Standards for Export Credit Agencies. journal of Struc tured and Project Finance. New York Spring 2004.Vol. 10, Iss. 1 p. 46.The World Bank. 2000. Statistics on the World Banks Dam Portfolio. Available from http//www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/pb/dams/factsheet.htm. Last accessed April 25th, 2005.United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service. 2005. Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP). Available from http//www.fas.usda.gov/remote/mideast_pecad/turkey/turkey.htm. Last accessed April 24th, 2005.WSSD. 2000. Towards Sustainable Development A Guide To The Process Towards The U.N. World Summit For Sustainable Development. Johannesburg, 2002WCD. 2000. Dams and Development A New Framework for Decision-Making.Young, P. 2000. Hasankeyf A city in Peril. History Today Nov 2000 Vol. 50 Iss 1. pg. 3.

Introduction to Meta Tags

Introduction to Meta TagsMeta tags ar base bits of text that allow for describe the pageboy content the tags do not await on the clear page itself, but only when in the page code. They help seek locomotives to determine what a web page is about, which further helps with search engine optimisation. The tags argon only visible to search engines and not to the user/client.There are 4 types of Meta tagsMeta Keywords AttributeThese keywords are relevant to the selective information on the page. The pros to this are that they allow to direct trade that are searching for specific things, towards particular pages. The cons of this is that one, they dont work anymore, and two, it allowed community to piece random tags unrelated to their page into the HTML and es directial Pirate craft for other pages.Title TagThis is the title of the page that pull up stakes appear on the search engine. It is one of the close important tags as this has the most impact on search ranks, and are visible to the users of the search engine. This impart be the first thing users bequeath see for themselves that will part them what the page is about. Pros of this is it tells users what the page is about immediately, however the cons finish be that if the ill-use title is used or not specific enough, it discharge offspring search engines results massively but showing the titles of the wrong web pages on search engines when the user is searching for a different unrelated web page.Meta Description AttributeThis gives a explanation of the page. It gives a brief description of the page below the title tag in the search engine results. The advantages are it can entice users to click on the webpage after cultivation the description and creation interested. The disadvantages are that this does not affect the search results ranking of the page.Meta Robots AttributeThis is an indication to the search engine bots what should happen to the page when opened. These can give two comma ndsIndex/NoIndexThis tells the search engine whether the page should be shown in the search results or not.Follow/NoFollowThis tells the search engine whether the connect to the page should be followed or not, depending whether or not it is safe.Newsgroup and forumsAdvantages of newsgroups and forums are that it allows throng to express their own opinions freely with other people. It lets people with similar opinions to coupled and this elbow room information about an organisation can spread tumultuous, whether it is a good or bad point and regardless of whether its true or not. This is a disadvantage of forums as it allows false information to travel fast and rumours spread quickly however forums and newsgroups are commonly monitored by the keep company or by the invest owners to make sure false information is kept to a minimum.Banners and PopupsThe advantages of banners and popups are they allow for intrusive advertisement, which means it is substantial for people to miss the advertising and can sometimes mean people visit an organisations webpage may enjoy the content of the webpage.The disadvantage of this type of packaging is that it can irritate people because it is intrusive so may incommode more customers and cause more trouble than its worth if it is done on mass.SpamThe advantages of spam are similar to banners and popups as it is also intrusive, it means people will find it hard to avoid it and because spam is sent via email, it means promoters can dismiss it to hundreds of thousands of emails every minute, every day to maximize the chances of someone clicking on the link to a webpage.The disadvantages of this is that most email providers will filter out spam into separate inbox folders or just set off it all together so only a small voice of spam sent reaches the target.Site NameThe advantages of a site image are that, if named correctly, they can intrigue people to visit a site even if it is not what the client originally wanted, the y will allow for elusive advertising that a customer may not even project which makes it less intrusive to the customer.The disadvantages of a site name are that, if they are not named correctly, they can damage promotion, as the customer may not think that the site is not what they are looking for or will not intrigue people to visit at all. An example of this can be a website which sells both beds and headboards but if the site name only advertises beds and not headboards, a customer may think this site does not sell headboards and move onto another site.Direct MarketingThe advantages of direct selling are customers can get information about the product being offered easily and can ordinate orders for delivery their house or place of work. It also allows customers to ask questions directly to the organisation/company via telephone. Online direct marketing can allow social media sites to increase the amount of exposure people have to direct marketing.The disadvantages of direc t marketing are that organisations/companies can send unwanted junk mail to people with no interest in the products. Unwanted calls to people can mean a company will sometimes be trying to convince people to buy products they do want and annoy the customer.Bibliographyhttp//www.wordstream.com/meta-tags

Globalization Impact on Chinese Culture

globalisation Impact on Chinese glossiness globalisation is an irresistible trend in the progress of hostelry. From the introduction of the theory of existencewideization and widespread use among mainstream press, the jazzs of most state in the foundation ar touched by the doctor of orbicularisation. Globalization can be regarded as a cognitive appendage which is essentially multifaceted and intimately tie in to free trade, technological innovation and in orchestrateation conference, demographic change conjugate to the development of global societies, socio- heathenish, economic, and ideological convergence (Thomas, 2005, p. 138). In recent grades, the impact of globalisation is to a greater extent obviously reflected in the exchange of goods, technology, and nicety. Although globalisation recedes the constraints of geographics on economic, political and ethnic arrangement (Water, 2001, p.5), integration and confliction still clubhouse in the put to work of globalization due to the diversity of determine and ideologies storage bea by heap from assorted countries. Generally speaking, globalization brings positive and prejudicious impact on mountains daily lives, which is not only changing the dungeon styles, but alike challenging customs dutyal enculturation value of a nation.Global conclusion inevitably uniforms and standardizes mints day to day lives. As irrigate projects that in that location leave be a ace society and stopping point occupying the whole planet in a globalized sphere (Waters, 2001, p.5). It is believed that the global merchandise of artifacts is not only to maximize profits, but withal to disseminate and reenforce purification beguile of an economic power (Oliver, 2005, p.10). in that respect are galore(postnominal) phenomena can be observed as the fascinate of global culture. incline is used as a dominant allele lyric in global communication, commodities of famous brands much(prenomi nal) as Coca Cola, Nike, and Adidas are sold in shops around the construction, fast foods like KFC and McDonalds become popular among untried battalion, and earnings transfers the whole serviceman into a village. According to Thomas (2005, p. 143) socio- heathenish dimension to globalization involves changes in attitudes to pagan and religious beliefs. Thus, it is likely that the uniformity and standardization of global culture leads to a potential danger of challenging identities of a nation. china receives challenges and opportunities by dint of globalization, which has a great impact on chinas economy and culture. later on carrying break the reform and opening up policy in 1978, mainland China gradually involved in the flood of global market. During over xxx years development in the global market, China achieves significant accomplishments in the aspects of economy, intertheme competitiveness, and the reformment of the great unwasheds lives. According to the speech a t the meeting scaling the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up in the year 2008 by Chairman Hu Jintao, the total import and export of China raised from $20.6 billion to $2.17 trillion during the period from 1978 to 2007, which ranked the third in the military personnel and became the No.1 country in terms of foreign reserves, and the paid-up overseas investiture amounted to nearly $1 trillion. Therefore, it is obvious that globalization and inter depicted object cooperation speed up Chinas economic development magic spell contributing a lot to the world economy.As to the culture aspect, Chinese tralatitiousistic culture is inescapably affected by global culture. In the serve well of globalization, westbound world dispenses dominant cast in advanced technology and economic system, therefore, the global culture is mainly composed by the westbound culture, which is characterized by free markets, consumerism and individualism (Arnett, 2002, p.777). In contrast, countri es such as China and Japan have tradition of collectivistic determine (Natio Gielen, in press White, 1993 cited in Arnett, 2002, p.776). When traditionalistic Chinese value meet global culture at a lower place the consideration of globalization, there entrust be whatever extent of conflicts and integrations, which will generate the crisis on the do it of individuality. indistinguishability crisis can be regarded as a unexampled phenomenon brought by globalization. In the following bear witness, it will critically analyze the event of individualism among some Chinese recent sight on a lower floor the entice of globalization and global culture.Chinese culture also has reaction on global culture. In recent years, China is making an effort to gain its traditional cultures and values to the world and laying some extent of influence on the global culture. By the end of 2009, there have been 282 Confucius institutes and 272 Confucius Classrooms ceremonious in 88 countri es, and the Confucius Institutes/Classrooms adopt suitable teaching styles to teach Chinese language as nearly as promoting Chinese cultures (http//english.hanban.org/node_10971.htm). Chinese cultures and values are gradually recognized by western society, which is a outcome of cross- pagan communication in globalization. Byram (1989) suggests that Culture is knowledge which is shared and negotiated amid battalion, be to all of them and not being idiosyncratic to any single one. It is necessary to develop an understanding and appreciation of other cultures meanwhile critically thinking about ones own culture and other cultures (Byram, 1996, p.25).The following strive will mainly focus on two aspects, the impact of globalization on Chinese culture and the reaction of Chinese culture to the world. In the first section, it will critically analyze the issue of individuation element among Chinese recent people, how it is formed, affected and reinforced done and through the glo bal culture brought by globalization, and the efforts by government and schools to strength students notion of identity. In the second section, it will discuss the inter pagan communication and culture exchange between nations in the world under the circumstance of globalization, and illustrate the importance of inter pagan competence in globalization. incision One The Challenge of Chinese Culture on the Aspect of Identity Issue under the Affection of GlobalizationAs discussed above, the identity issue of Chinese early days people can be regarded as a consequence of globalization and global culture imposes influence on Chinese traditional cultures and values. In order to demonstrate this, this section will first off focus on the innovation of identity and Chinese identity in order to present a frame domesticate of the identity issue. Secondly, it will critically analyze the identity crisis of Chinese schoolgirlish people through the swear out of globalization. Thirdly, in this section, it will suggest that the conscious of globalization and cross-ethnical communication should be introduced into breeding though diverse challenges and problems may company through the make.1. The conceits of identity and the formation of Chinese young peoples identity1.1 The concepts of identityThere are many forms of identities in academic field, but this assignment will mainly focus on three kinds of identities, which are bailiwick identity, cultural identity, and loving identity respectively. As to issue identity, different researchers suggest various models. Smith (1991) proposes a Western civic model, which focused on soil and the idea of patria (Smith, 1991, p.10), and a non-Western ethnic model, which emphases on descent and blood tie. However, Kellas claims that ethnic, favorable an official nationalism are more important than geographical boundaries (Kellas, 1991, cited in Parmenter, 1997, p.24). It is obvious that the definition of national identity is bas ed on some common ideas such as shared territory, shared culture and corporation for assemblage, and recognition, acceptance and sense of belonging for the individual (Parmenter, 1997, p.26).Compared with Ting-Toomey and Chungs definition of cultural identity (2005, p.93), which emphasizes the emotional significance of belonging to a larger culture, Brock and Tulasiewiczs definition is more precise and recapitulative. Brock and Tulasiewicz indicate that cultural identity is a world view, constructed and developed by the individual in interaction with others (Parmenter, 1997, p.27). The elements such as language and religious help to shape cultural identity but these are not the determinate factors. The relationship between national identity and cultural identity implied by Parmenter (1997, p.27) is that national identity is constructed on the basis of cultural identity and involves particular political ideas, attitudes, values and practice in the cultural identity.The form and de velopment of national and cultural identity can be analyze by the unessential socialization theory. School fosterage and computer program such as language and narrative offer a go on to nurture national and majority cultural identities (Tate, 1994, cited in Parmenter, 1997, p.35). According to Berger and Luckmanns secondary socialization theory (1966), the assimilation of primary knowledge mush through pedagogic techniques. The education process works as a pedagogic technique, which is strengthen the concept of individuals fist notion, in other members, is to reinforce the concepts of national and cultural identity.Social identity is stemmed from individuals group penisships and social comparison, as to establish self-esteem of individuals which based on the status of the group (Tajfel, 1981, p. 277). The concept of social identity shows the behavior of individuals when they act as a member of a group, and the feelings of being a member of a group. According to Tajfel (1978, 1981, cited in Ward, 2001, p. 103), the social identity mainly includes three features, which are self concept, sensation of membership in a group, and evaluative and emotional significance. These three features work as major element of defining social identity. It is also present by Tajfel that intergroup bias is irresistible consequence of social identification (Ward, 2001, p.104). Individuals look for status and self-esteem in their own group and judge it as superior than the other groups, which not only leads to prejudice on out-group people and in-group people, but also generates confliction and competition between groups.1.2 The formation of Chinese young peoples identityThe formation of Chinese national identity can be tract back to 1930s. Through eight-year Chinas war resistance against Japan, Chinese people formed a united, patriotic and anti-imperialist national identity. Friedman (1995, p.6) claims that Maos communist-led peasant Red regular army is regarded as a symb ol of library, which unites Chinese people in a defensive order, even Confucius could not achieve such a weapons-grade influence in this period of time. After the establishment of the peoples Republic of China (PRC) in year of 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) takes Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong approximation and Deng Xiaoping Theory as the guidance of its actions (http//www.china.org.cn/english/Political/26151.htm). Moreover, most universities in China offer compulsory courses of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory which brings tremendous influence on the create of Chinese young peoples national identity.As to the cultural identity of Chinese young people, it is believed that the heritage of Confucian culture takes the dominant position in Chinese society. Confucianism is one of Chinese traditional culture values, which is formed on the basis of colleting experience of the nations exploration and result to the challenge of its national and soci al environment (Zheng, Yongnian, 1999, p.73). Grown up and enlightened in such a society, young people form their cultural identity and obtain cultural group membership unconsciously. The culture cognisance is internalized by individuals and finally forms cultural identity (Brock and Tulasiewicz, 19854, cited in Parmenter).The obtaining and challenge of social identity among Chinese young people can be analyzed under the circumstance of globalization. Social identity is a much broader concept which can include cultural or ethnic membership identity (Ting-Toomey and Chung, 2005, p.101). The process of globalization is not only an exchange of merchandise, but also an interaction between western and eastern cultures. Some Chinese young people appreciate and accept western culture and values. In this sense, the in-group and out-group in social identity theory can be categorized as follows in this essay Under the influence of western culture to Chinese traditional culture, those people who hold traditional cultural values of Chinese bodied culture can be regarded as an in-group, and the out-group can be regarded as those Chinese young people who are westernized through the process of globalization.2. Identity Crisis of Chinese tender People through the Process of Globalization and Efforts to remold identity2.1 Analysis of Identity Crisis among Chinese Young PeopleThe identity crisis towards Chinese young people under the circumstance of globalization can be mainly analyzed in two aspects, to wit cultural identity crisis and social identity crisis. The cultural identity crisis is a crisis of Chinese traditional world view and cultural values, which produced in the process of western cultures and values invading into Chinese traditional culture values, while social identity crisis is stemmed from how individuals categorize themselves and others in terms of their belonging to groups (Tajfel, 1981), thus, in the circumstance of China, the follow essay will analyze how Chinese young people categorize themselves in terms of groups. But first, the essay will discuss the unique characteristic of Chinese young people under the influence of globalization and global culture.Those Chinese young people who are experiencing their adolescence year are a unique group in the formation of identity. Adolescence is a certain period of year between puerility and adulthood, which involves psychological revolution, uncertainty, curiosity towards the new trend, and the willingness to discipline (Erikson, 1968, p.128). Those Chinese young people who were born after the Reform and Opening Up policy carried out in China have experienced a totally different growing environment from the generation of their parents. Under the influence of globalization, Chinese young people find themselves in a wave of technological, economic, and global cultural trend. It is the characteristic of adolescence determines that Chinese young people have a willingness to learn and accept the western values promoted by globalization as well as traditional values hold by Chinese collective culture. It seems likely that the intimacy of western values in the process of globalization leads to a vagueness of Chinese young peoples identity.It could be argued that the period of adolescence is also a period of operating the function of secondary socialization as to form a world view, which is a proceeding process of internalizing the primary concept of ideology. The secondary socialization deals with the already formed self and an already internalized word (Berger and Luckmann, 1966, p.160). In the context of China, traditional cultures and values hold by the society can be regarded as circumstance for Chinese young people to form primary socialization, while education offered by school and society contributes to the effort to form young peoples secondary socialization. Under the influence of globalization and invading of western values to Chinese society, the building of c oncept through second socialization of Chinese young people is receiving more outer(prenominal) influence and challenges, because of the values promoted by global culture and western values may contradict to their primary concept. Erikson (1968, p.162) claims that the egos function to integrate the relation of impudently added identity element with those already in existence, but if the newly added identity elements is conflicted with the former one, there will be an identity crisis come into being.Globalization accelerates the communication around the world, although China is famous for its conservative culture, it is cannot be denied that Chinese traditional culture is affected by the western values. Chinese culture is built in the society of collectivistic values, in which the power of the group is emphasized (Hofstede, 1991, p.50). Chinese people think highly of the family tie and the values such as filial piety, which implies the proper relations of parents and children in Ch inese traditional culture. Parents have absolute power in the family and should be see and reverenced by children, children are taught that they are in duty bound to take care of their elder parents. However, nowadays it is reported that the empty-nest homes (where old couples live alone) feign up 49.7% of households in urban areas (Seniors first, 2010), and 74% of young Chinese people feel incompetent to tend the old duo to various reasons (74% of young feel incompetent to tend the old, 2010).Chinese young people are in a danger of losing traditional values. It is widely believed that western values such as individualism and materialism introduce into Chinese culture and trigger a series of changes in Chinese society in the process of globalization. Chinese young people are facing the challenges of maintaining traditional values and internalizing traditional cultural consciousness while accessing to the global culture. Brock and Tulasiewicz (Parmenter, 1997, p.27) suggest that th e cultural identity is a certain world view, constructed and developed by the individual in interaction with others. It is obvious that Chinese young peoples world view is challenged and different from the world view hold by traditional larger Chinese culture duo to the accessing of global culture. Therefore, the globalization and western values challenge Chinese young peoples cultural identity.Through the process of globalization, western festivals such as Christmas and Valentines Day become well know among Chinese young people. In contrast, some Chinese traditional festivals such as the Dragon Boat Festival, Pure Brightness Day, and Double ninth Festival are forgotten and even rationalized. There is a tendency for some of Chinese young people to take on western values and pursue self-esteem by behaving differently. According to Tajfel (1981, p.277), social identity understood as deriving in a comparative and relational manner from an individuals group memberships. It can be ass umed that some Chinese young people regard some western values are better than Chinese traditional values through comparison. Thus, there is a crisis in the aspect of social identity among some Chinese young people to define their place in a social system.2.2 Efforts to determine Chinese Young Peoples IdentityIt has been shown that the issue of identity crisis is raised from the influence of globalization on Chinese culture. The essay above has analyzed cultural identity crisis and social identity crisis among Chinese young people under the influence of western culture. This section will critically analyze the efforts to reshape Chinese young peoples identity mainly from the aspect of education, and focus on the computer program of Chinese literature and history.It is widely believed that school is in the position of promoting the development of the identity (Parmenter, 1997, p.34), therefore, it is can be assumed that school also plays an important portion in reshaping of identi ty. Chinese education is carried out under the guideline of Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China. The Law (1995) points out the aims of Chinas education, which is to improve the quality of the whole nation and construct socialist material and uncanny civilization in accordance with the Constitution (Article 1), meanwhile, the Law also indicates that education should be carried out under the guideline of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and the theories, moreover, education should also inherit and expand fine historical and cultural traditions as to achieve civilization progress of human beings. (Article 3, Article 7). Thus, it is can be seen that education in China has been politicized as to reinforce identity among students.Tate shows that language and history are two major classs that foster national and cultural identity (Parmenter, 1997, p.35). The Chinese literature curriculum is a course teaches students Chinese languages as well as Chinese traditional cultures and values, especially the Chinese Classic literature, in which contains Confucians classical works, such as The Four Books (The gigantic Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Mencius) and the five classics. Confucianism is the core value rooted in Chinese traditional culture and formed cultural identity among Chinese people. As to the language teaching in Chinese literature curriculum, disrespect the language helps Chinese young people to shape a world view, it is seemed likely that language is a much weaker factor compared with Chinese traditional values hold by the Chinese literature in reshaping cultural identity. Besides, language is not a direct factor in building cultural identity (Parmenter, 1997, p.27). However, it is cannot denied that Chinese Literature curriculum plays an important procedure in reconstruction of Chinese young peoples identity.As to the aspect of history curriculum in Chinas education, the reason of giving a prior fri endliness of history has argued by Goodson (1998, p.153), history is considered as revive and refocus of national identity and ideology. In the efforts of reshaping identity among Chinese young people, history curriculum operates the same function as Goodson discussed. Although the focus of Chinese history curriculum changes slightly, from historical materialism to Chinese dynastic and cultural heritage, from socialist people to national people, from socialism to nationalism (Jones, 2005, p.95) The function of history remains to the role of transmission of state-authorized memories as to support ethnic, regional, or political identities in twain Nationalist and Communist China (Jones, 2005, p.94).2.3 New Problems rise from the reshaping of Chinese Young Peoples Identity under the circumstance of globalizationOne issue that should occupy us is the national curriculum under the influence of globalization. In the process of reconstruction of Chinese young peoples identity through nat ional curriculum, there may be a tendency of ignoring the influence brought by globalization to Chinas society. The globalization brings significant changes in the aspects of social and cultural life to Chinese young people in and outside school, however, the designers of curriculum seem to ignore the phenomena and continuously draw up exam-oriented curriculum which focuses on building students national and cultural identity within the nation (Mccarthy, C., Giardina, M. D., Harewood, S. J., Park, J., 2003, p.454). It is likely that the over-emphasizing of national and cultural identity in national curriculum will bring detrimental effect on the awareness of the diversity cultural values in the world.Encouraging an understanding and appreciation of other cultures is the concept promoted in the internationalistic education (Cambridge, J., Thompson, J., 2004, p.162). While, Blaney (cited in Walker, 2000, p.200) suggests that Education systems rooted mainly in national concerns and constrained by national ideologies cannot educate young people to live meaningfully in a world society which is global. In the circumstance of globalization, it could be suggested that popular culture should be added into education. The popular culture should be understood as crucial terrain of political and social contestation, negotiation, and resistance that makes up the ever-shifting boundaries and alliances of youth identity formation (Mccarthy, C., Giardina, M. D., Harewood, S. J., Park, J., 2003, p.463).This section mainly deals with the challenge of Chinese culture on the aspect of Chinese young peoples identity under the influence of Globalization. A framework is built through concepts of identity, the formation and crisis of Chinese young peoples identity. Then, identity crisis of Chinese young people is analyzed and the ways of reshaping identity is presented. At last, it is critically analyzed the problem in the process of reshaping Chinese young peoples identity.

Legal Regulation of Corporate Governance in the Role of Auditors Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, general public take in to raise questions about the level of visit independence and the quality of scrutinize information, especially after corporate collapses such as HIH, Enron and One.Tel where independent audited account reports showed that the companies were making a profit, when in fact they were heavily in debt. This screen is to provide a brief overview of the current linguistic rule of corporate nerve in Australia in the role of attendees, and illustrate some gaps in the edict with examples. In addition, a few recommendations are given accordingly for changes. 1. healthy Regulation of Corporate Governance in the Role of analyseors 1.1 CLERP 9 reformsCLERP 9 reforms largely employed the law reform recommendations in the Ramsay report to finish the audit independence controversy. CLERP 9 has significantly changed the way that audit manoeuver is carried out in Australia. The most significant changes wereImproving the standards of audito r regulation through changes to the powers of the Financial Reporting Council and the reconstitution of the Auditing and Assurance Standards boardImposing statutory requirements for auditor independence and audit partner rotation andProviding proportionate indebtedness in respect of claims made against auditors. 1.2 Performing the auditThere is a distinction between the lead auditor and the critical review auditor. The lead auditor is primarily responsible for conducting the audit, while the role of review auditor is to review the overall conduct of the audit. It is auditors statutory right to coming the books of the entity. Company officers must provide information and explanations that the auditors required to assist with the audit and to help auditors form more accurate a... ...04) Auditing Handbook, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Audit Independence - Independence of Australian Company Auditors. Insert Name of commit in Italics. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014 .29 section B of the Joint Code of master copy Conduct30 Buffini, F. (2003) Andersens independence tested, Australian Financial Review, fourteenth January, pp. 11, 12.31 (HIH Report, Vol III, pp 89-90)32 (HIH Report Vol III, pp91-92).33 (OMalley 2000, p.91)CHAPTER 3 EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND FRAUD. Insert Name of website in Italics. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014 .34 OMalley 2000, p.9435 CHAPTER 3 EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND FRAUD, http//www.slideshare.net/MRicky/chapter-3-earnings-management-and-fraud (accessed April 24, 2014).

Chemicals That Fix the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Chemicals That Fix the BrainThe disc everywherey of how the mind heals itself began, as discoveries lots do, with a question Why do children who suffer brain victimize often recover fully, tour adults with the said(prenominal) kind of damage atomic number 18 permanently incapacitated? University of Wisconsin neurobiologist Ronald Kalil was among those who pursued the question (15). His studies in young cats showed that broad(a) networks of brain jail cells could be routed around damage areas. Young animals whose primary muckle centers were destroyed could still learn to see normally, he found, because cells in some other part of their brains took up the job of processing vision. Yet, adult animals suffering the same destruction had no such luck (7). What was the difference? Kalil finally dictated that young animal brains are awash in chemicals called return factors, while adult brains have far lower levels (11). He surmised that the abundance of gain factors helps the n ew brains organize themselves. When damage occurs, the growth factors simply start over and rebuild damaged networks. Adults have someer growth factors because their brains, although they constantly suffer changes, are, for the most part, completed. each of which led to another question Would adding extra growth factors prevent permanent damage in adult brains? Soaking midget sponges with a variety of growth factors, Kalil placed them inside newly damaged brain areas of adult cats. He and his colleagues found that these adult brains acted more alike infant brains Instead of suffering permanent damage, the adult brains repaired themselves. This ability of the brain to rewire itself, grow new parts for damaged cells, and even cite new cells-its plasticity, was thought to be impossible only a few years ago (4). Brain cells, medical students were taught, were hardwired like so numerous computer transistors. Once they burned out, that was the end. Brain cells certainly could not sprout new communications lines to take over the jobs of nonfunctioning cells, it was said. Nor could they regenerate themselves after macrocosm hurt. Moreover, they absolutely could not divide to replenish the brain with new cells. All those truths are being tossed out as brain research undergoes a revolution fueled by molecular biologys remarkable ability to expose the secrets of cells. Scientists now can hunt down and copy genes that govern cell reassembly and harness them for use in repairing damaged brains (3). The power of these tools was stunningly demonstrated with the discovery of a gene called NeuroD, which plays an essential role in the embryonic development of the brain and nervous system (6).

Love in L.A. and ?M? is for Moon Among Other Things :: essays research papers

For Jake and Alfred, the male characters from Love in L.A. and M is for Moon Among opposite Things, respectively, reality is far from their perception of the good life. Both men ambition of living quite differently from the unriv completelyed they build been leading, yet neither deserve what they craving. Jake and Alfred are a true example of getting what one deserves.While the situations are very dissimilar, the dreams and desires are very common, stereotypical fantasies. Jake conjures up a perfect automobile in his mind, along with a squire lifestyle to accompany it. Alfred shares secret, fictitious conversations with Marilyn Monroe in his head.While wasting extraneous in bumper-to-bumper traffic in Los Angeles, Jake seeps into his own little world, imagining all the joys of having the perfect elevator car. Initially this is understandable as he needed something bring out than this 58 Buick he drove. (Gilb 628) But the fantasy goes beyond a newer, safer car with a better radio and heater. He as well wanted to have crushed velvet interior with electric controls, which would require him to lead an solo different lifestyle. (Gilb 628) What Jake wanted was to be wealthy, surrounded by loose women, and enthral the freedom that money could buy. Rather than sitting in traffic on a daily basis, only to toil long hours at a useless job. Instead of working as an underpaid peon, he could revel in exotic colognes, plush, dark nightclubs, maitais and daquiris, necklaced ladies in satin gowns, misty and sexy like in a tequila ad. (Gilb 628)Alfred suffers from his own delusions as well. Understandably, he is tired, bored, and perhaps annoyed at the monotony of sleeping next to the same woman for so some(prenominal) years, for working the same old job just about as long, and also toiling through a gruesome daily commute. besides as Jake had formed his ultimate fantasy, so had Alfred is, a Smooth-as-Silk Beauty as Fast as they Come. (Stoppard 942) While the ref erence refers to an automobile advertisement, it can also be seen as his ideal dream of being close to Marilyn Monroe. Alfred is further gone into his fictitious world than Jake, however. The middle aged man took his desire to a near-insane level, developing entire conversations with her. After hearing of the actress untimely demise, Alfred explains to her design that she shouldnt have trusted them, theyre all rotten. (Stoppard 944) He may be referencing the fans, the reporters, her employers, or her lovers, but whomever Alfred is speaking of is irrelevant.