Ilisu Dam Project Development

Ilisu dkm Project cultureThe proposed Ilisu close up is a single pick up chthonian the umbrella of the grand southerlyeastern Anatolian Project (Guneydogu Anadolu Proje) or transgress. The abrupting night was a study reading endeavour for joker and aimed to develop vomits using the power of the deuce largest rivers in Asia, the Tigris and Euphrates, that run begin in Turkey and run by dint of to the Arabic Gulf. possibility was conceived to border Turkeys rising capacity posit by the verbalism of 22 irrigation obturates and 19 hydroelectric plants, harnessing the hydroelectric capableness qualification contained in these two massive rivers (Stern, 2004). The scissure attracted inter democracyal vigilance due to its focus on the adult male effects of the sound projection and vigilance to sustain magnate. Inter body political credit agencies from the Canada, USA Japan, UK and opposite European g everywherenments along with the founding Bank stepped forward to fund the project which they see as wholeness existence integral to the socio- frugal increase of Turkey which is an important US follower and is aspiring to join the EU. Certain aspects of the GAP, specific aloney the Ilisu decametre, progress to come under attack from citizens groups concerned about the genial and political ramifications of the jam and the project is menstruumly on hold after(prenominal) major sponsors pulled out and cessation date has been pushed from early 2000 to 2010. This paper exit examine the proposed occlude and the issues that reverberate it.Turkey was once situation of the Ottoman Empire emerged from the demise of that pudding stone and was inaugurated as a nation in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal who was later honoured as the Father of the Turks. Under his authoritarian leadership the Anatolians of the neck of the woods saw improvements in social and economic status. The nation enjoyed a peaceful transfer to democracy in the 1950s thoug h has since seen some(prenominal) military coups but unceasingly with a peaceful transfer back to democracy (CIA cosmea Factbook. 2005). The nation borders the Black and Mediterranean Seas and its neighbours include Bulgaria, Greece to the West and Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria to the East.The country is a ingredient of the UN and NATO since the 1950s and is seen as a leading nation in the Asia demesne. in that location imbibe been new conflicts with fissiparous Kurds in the South east dowry of the nation. The Kurdish separationist movement is known as Congress of Kurdistan (KGK) or the communist PKK and have links with Kurds in bordering Iraq and Syria (CIA knowledge base Factbook. 2005). The nation has been adopting major environsal and social reform in hopes of universe admitted to the rapidly expanding EU.The GAP is aimed at developing the south eastern 8 Anatolian provinces which be base of operations to the majority of the Kurdish tribe of the nation . The project is the largest ever development project Turkey has ever under downn and seeks to improve the lives of nearly 10% of the Turkish population (Ilisu applied science Group, 2001 Stern, 2004).The south eastern break of Turkey is a meagerness stricken area plagued by low income, violent instability and diversity (Morvaridi, 2002). The areas faming consists of low-mechanization with few cash make fors and the do important(prenominal) suffers from aridity in spite of the presence of major rivers like the Tigris and Euphrates. The neck of the woods also suffers from the Kurdish separatist movement which has attracted the attention of the Turkish and this has been compounded by the militants fleeing Iraq due to the recent US and UK invasion.The focus of the GAP is to develop the animation potential of the region while providing irrigation for crop growing to the region. Historically most of the development in Turkey was concentrated on the North and Western regions of the nation, leaving the South and East to languish in obscurity. This lack of investment in the region could be a driving reason behind the Kurdish separatist movement. It is Turkeys national interest to tap the re line of descents of this region and hopefully quell the separatist movement by funnelling development funds into the area to improve the lives of its inhabitants.The GAP has already begun to pay attain as other projects other than the Ilisu Dam have already been completed. GAP related decameter ups already account for more than than 15% of Turkeys energy extremitys and has potential to reach 22% (Kaygusuz, K, 1999). The final goal for trim down irrigation is 20% of Turkeys total irrigable priming which is nearly 1.7 million hectares of disgrace coupled States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, 2005). In the region of Sanliurfa Harran, agricultural profits are being seen with huge increases in cash crop employment (mainly cotton), the est ablishment of new industries such(prenominal) as beef along with development of textile patience which is raising the standard of living in the region (Northwest Texas International vocation gist, 2004). expertness production is the other prong of the furcate of progress that is GAP. In 2002 Turkeys energy consumption peaked at 126.9 billion KWh. Due to industrialization, development and population growth this common fig tree is projected to rise to 265 billion KWh by 2010 and to 528 billion KWh by 2020 (Stern, 2004). Turkey has scarce dodo provides so a major source of energy for the nation is hydroelectricity which accounts for 40% of Turkeys energy ask (Stern, 2004). GAP was conceived to help meet these rapidly change magnitude energy demands and if GAP does non relieve some of the energy strain put on the nation then other sources of energy essential be found.The politics of the GAP are tricky as other nations lie down flow of Turkey on the Tigris and Euphrates. Ira q and Syria are matterent on the flows from the two rivers and by Turkey assuming control of these cross-border water resources tension has been created due to rights to door of the water. Turkey has to be sure to manage the water resources of these rivers in such a way as to non disadvantage the residents of these nations lest they risk war.The GAP falls into the realm of sustainable development as it aims to use a renewable energy source for a long term benefit to the people of the region. The standard definition for sustainable development was generated by a report produced by a United Nations commission in 1987 authorize Our Common Future which is better known as the Brundtland delineate after the head of the commission. The definition of the phrase sustainable development is wide ranging and open to subjective interpretation but Our Common Future (1987) defined it asSustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of rising generations to meet their own needs.From Our Common Future (Bruntland, 1987)This report generated lots response as world leaders began to respond to the issues tackled in the report. The environmental movement began in earnest with the 1960s with the ordinaryation of Rachel Carsons frontier book Silent Spring. (Carson, 1962). The organization issue of a demand of environmental business from orbiculate citizens was often at odds with economic development plan and a compromise was necessary. culture in 3rd world nations was undisciplined and often at the expense of environmental resources. Companies, unable to dispose of environmentally hazardous waste in 1st world nations, looked to pawn it off on 3rd world nations. Economic development was at the pass of 3rd world nations development policies as deforestation, overfishing, weed killer and pesticide application raged rampant with little thought paid to environmental ramifications. An sample of this was the 197 2 United Nations Conference on Human Environment which was held in Stockholm, Sweden. At this crowd the goal was to tackle the problem of acid rain problems of northern Europe. The nations pushing for a solution that addressed the industrial development grow of the problem were strongly opposed by the Soviet-led Block of 77 which criminate the nations of pushing an eco-agenda and refused to cooperate (WSSD, 2000). nevertheless a positive outcome from this conference was birth of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Through the 1970s and mid-eighties the UN began to fund more initiatives focused on conservation and valet environment issues (IISD, 2002). Public initiatives began to spawn environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) such as the Environmental self-abnegation Fund in 1967, International Institute for Environment and Development in 1971 and the Worldwatch Institute in 1984. These major environmental policy groups are neverthe slight active and im portant today. Major environmental disasters such as Bhopal, India and Africas starvation in the 1980s brought further attention to human and environmental development (IISD, 2002).In 1992 the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Rio, Brazil. This marked a major effort by the worlds nations to tackle human development in the context of environmental issues and try to develop a model of development that was sustainable. Sustainability basin scarce come about without the degradation of natural capital that provides the necessary requirements for human life. It has been determined that a healthy population is dependent on a healthy environment. Links are often drawn amid human health and environmental health outside the realm of needs production as poisons in the environment negatively affect human health as evidenced by historical use of pesticides and their effects.Further conferences on sustainable development in 1997 (Rio+5) and most recently Rio +10 in Johannesb urg 2002 has further developed the notion of sustainable development. Due to public oblige corporate social responsibility has become a focus for corporations establish in the developed world and this is further evidenced by the emergence of ethical investment funds which critically screen the companies they invest in.Dam construction was a popular activity in the first one-half of the 20th century and experienced a peak in construction activity in the 1970s (WCD, 2000). It is not that the usefulness of the dam in providing energy, irrigation and flood control has passed it is that thither are fewer rivers that are left wing to be damned and social and environmental awareness of issues surrounding dam construction has increased. However dam construction continues as it is an important source of energy and nations are forced to meet the energy requirements of their citizens. More than 20% of the worlds energy supply comes from dams and more than 60 countries depend on hydroelectri city for greater than 50% of their total energy needs (WCD, 2000). The World Bank still funds dam construction but less than in the past with 1.3% of the avers funds going toward dam-related projects and 0.9% being spent on the construction of new dams (The World Bank, 2000).In 2000 the World Commission on Dams (WCD), a United Nations search body, released a landmark report entitled Dams and Development A newborn Framework for Decision-Making. This research was under consumen in response to the new realizations on the effects of dams and the role they could scat in sustainable development. The report noted that nearly 1/fifth of the worlds energy was generated through hydroelectricity and that 1/6th of the global agriculture was dependent on irrigation from dammed rivers. It has been estimated that global levels of hydroelectric generation, which is largely carbon-neutral, precludes the need of an extra 4.4 million barrels of oil a day (WCD, 2000). If all dams were decommission ed and destroyed the damage to humankind would have enormous and alter native Australians would have to apace be found to provide the benefits that we glean from dams.There are several high profile dams being constructed globally today. The larger projects like the 3 Gorges Dam project in China and the Narmada Dam project in India. These dams are large and multi-purpose aiming to help these nations meet development needs of energy and irrigation.Though dams have been integral to social and economic development in that location are costs as well. Large dam projects typically involve the displacement of people living near the river upstream of the dam. The WCD (2000) estimated that amid 40 and 80 million people have been displaced by dam building often with little or no honorarium.Water and Conflict chic water is a requirement for life as we know it. public are made up of more than 70% water and potbelly live only days without a source of drinkable water. invigorated water is needed for drinking as well as for farming, industry, sanitation and household uses. Unfortunately fresh water is scarce on populace and its distribution uneven.With the majority of fresh water resources concentrated in a few nations the need for shared management of water resources is obvious. Turkey is a water poor nation as are its neighbours Syria and Iraq (WCD, 2000 Stern, 2004). The Tigris and Euphrates are two of the main sources of water for these two nations and they have their sources in Turkey. In a river system such as this the actions of the users upstream have an impact on those downstream. Since rivers do not follow nationally contrived boundaries this can scram conflicts between nation-states as one nation, acting within its own borders, can have significant impact on other nations. It was just this signifier of trans-boundary environmental issues that incensed the UN to act and create bodies to help manage and split such issues. Acid rain, smog, ozone and poll ution are all similar in that though no national borders are trespassed, damage it still matt-up by other nations. New solutions and methods are needed, and are being developed by ENGOS, industry and government, to tackle problems such as theseThe Ilisu dam project was approved in 1982 and because of the date of approval the project is not automatically subject to the Regulation on Environmental Impact judgment which is current Turkish environmental policy (Ilisu engineering science Group, 2001). However due to the reach of the project and the transnational attention it attracted an Environmental Impact Assessment Report produced by a consortium of international experts under the moniker of the Ilisu Engineering Group was commissioned by the Turkish authorities and firms involved in construction of the dam.The Ilisu Dam go away consist of a reservoir with a surface area of 313 km and a volume of 10.4 billion third-dimensional meters. The power station depart have a capacity of 1,200 MW and is judge to be capable of producing 3,800 GWh of power per year (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001 Stern, 2004). The dam impart transform the local environment, inundating land that is typically arid, causing a translation in the ecology of the area.resettlement of the Kurdish people in the Anatolian regions is the main source of resistance to the construction of the dam. It was determined that approximately 183 settlements allow for be affect, 82 would be inundated enti believe and 101 would be affected by flooding (Stern, 2004 Morvaridi, 2002). Exact numbers of people are untouchable because conflicts in the region have driven people out of their villages and have encumbered census takers from obtaining accurate estimates of population. The estimates range from 30,000 to 70,000 people, mostly Kurds, losing homes or land or both. Under Turkish law these people would be administer cash compensation or an offer of resettlement under Turkish law (Morvaridi, 2002). T his compensation plan becomes much more complicated when it is realise that many of the people living in the region do not hold deeds to their land and many have expanded their land without government be after permission (Morvaridi, 2002). Determining who would be eligible for compensation would be a long and painful bureaucratic process that would undoubtedly leave many people unsatisfied.Some have claimed that this project is part of a Turkish plot to expatriate the Kurdish people from their native lands. Human rights NGOs mobilized on behalf of these groups and were able to influence the international financiers into relenting on their sanction. However the dams constructors and the Turkish government point to the social and economic benefits to the people of Turkey and the direct benefits to the people of the Anatolian provinces. The construction of the dam will bring jobs, training and an influx of money to a previously free region. The availability of ample fresh water fo r irrigation, possibility of a fishery and tourism opportunities also bear consideration. The possibility exists for real economic and social benefit to the region if the project is handled properly with attention paid to womens rights and economic opportunities, education and investment in long term planning (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001).Cultural IssuesA second major objection to the dam is archaeological potential of the area. The proposed site has seen much history pass through the area. Mesopotamia was centered here, the Romans conquered the area and the Silk Road wove through what is now South Eastern Turkey. Access to the area was previously restricted due violent conflicts between the Turks and the Kurds but in the lull archaeologists have began excavating the area. One site in particular is Hasankeyf which has visible archaeological evidence dating to 2000 years ago and the ruins may evidence a settlement dating back to seventh century B.C.E (Young, 2000).The excavation o f Hasankeyf began in 1986, was stopped in 1991 due to courtly strife, and excavation resumed only recently with a laughable grant from the Turkish government of 15,000 from the Ministry of Culture. The government is spending only 76,000 in exploring the area agriculturally out front the dam is built, a meagre effort at best. Even the Ilisu Engineering Group revealed that some of the worst damage of the dam would be in the loss of untold archaeological treasures (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001).Political IssuesThe construction of the Ilisu dam would require the water flow to be suppressed in the construction of the dam. Even the slowing of the flow of the river has consequences for the downstream inhabitants in Syria and Iraq. The people of these countries rely on the river for sanitation, industry and personal use and as the rivers are already over taxed any further reduction will surely have negative consequences on the people of these regions.With the construction of the Ilisu da m reservoir there is the potential that Turkey can fully cut Iraq and Syria off from the flows of these bouncy rivers. In the coming years when the crisis over water deepens this could be an ill-considered political tactic for Turkey to dominate these nations. Due to the volatile personality of the region it is hoped that it does not come to this. However in 1997 the UN approved the collection on the Non-Navigational Uses of Transboundary Waterways with a vote of 103 3. The convention was aimed at preventing damage to international waterways with emphasis on peaceful resolution and prior notification between nations. China, Burundi and Turkey all rejected the treaty (Bosshard, 1998).Dam AlternativesThe main focus of the dam is to meet Turkeys energy needs. In the way of natural energy resources Turkey is scarce. To match the 1,200 MW output of the dam numerous coal, lignite or oil plants would need to be constructed which will have a negative impact on the environment of the reg ion and the globe. In the Ilisu Engineering Groups 2001 Environmental Impact Assessment the group concluded that it would be necessary to import and consume over 2,500 tons of oil per day, releasing 3 million tons of carbon dioxide per year. A coal plant would do much the same.Photovoltaic engineering is not advanced or cost-effective enough to possibly take the place of such a large MW project with the costs being three times per kilowatt what hydroelectricity would cost (Ilisu Engineering Group. 2001). Wind projects are under consideration in Turkey but it will take the construction of wind farms as well as the GAP to meet Turkeys energy needs in the coming decade.The major avenue for reducing the need to build the dam is in increasing energy efficiency. The Ilisu Engineering Groups report pointed to this avenue as a necessary one for exploration as Turkeys energy needs continue to grow.Current Status and FutureThe Ilisu dams future is uncertain as major international support fel l apart over concerns of the dams social and ecologic impact. In November 2001 the British construction firm Balfour Beatty backed out of the get by as the UK export credit agency pulled its support due to public pressure. Another construction company, Impregilo of Italy, also pulled shortly afterwards and the Swiss bank UBS did the same less than 6 months later (BBC, 2002) Through Turkish government still plans on carrying on the project the lack of financial backing makes it impossible to go forward. For the time being the project is on hold.RecommendationsA baseline study of wildlife and ecology with the intention of creating reserves nearby for displaced species. fitting funding and time for proper exploration of Hasankeyf and investigation of other potential sites.Negotiation with Syria and Iraq on the use of the river. Finding a solution that benefits these nations is zippy to the dams construction.A plan for compensation of people displaced by the dam. Compensation will ne ed to be based on more than proof of land ownership and a census of the area will be necessary to determine the scope of the compensation plan.Negotiation with the Kurdish people of the region, guaranteeing them a greater say in the compensation funds from the dam and in the monetary benefits to be gained from its construction.Moves to further improve the animate energy infrastructure to ensure maximum benefits are garnered from the dam.Development of industry and agriculture in the area to aid in the development of the region.The Ilisu dam is a highly controversial project is a necessary part of Turkish development, providing energy for tens of thousands of people. Dams, though notorious for displacement of people and changeover of landscapes, are a multi-purpose high energy yielding alternative to fossil or nuclear power generation. In terms of sustainable development they are a much better option than fossil fuel and provide the best energy option until wind and photovoltaic en ergy technology improves. The dam is controversial and for good reason. The Turkish government must take into account the many parties that will be affected by the dam and work to mitigate their concerns. However without this dam Turkey will be hard pressed to meet energy needs and be able to develop for the social and economic benefits of their people. The Ilisu dam may not be an ideal solution to Turkeys energy needs but it seems to be the best currently available.BibliographyBBC. 2002. Swiss bank lay off Turkish dam project. visible(prenominal) from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/atomic number 63/1844465.stm. Last accessed April 25th, 2005.Bosshard, P. 1998. Ilisu a Test Case of International Policy Coherence. capital of Switzerland Declaration, November 1998. Available from http//www.rivernet.org/turquie/ilisu.htm. 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