Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide analyzeAnatomy the study of the sour or construction and arrangement of proboscis parts and their relationshipsPhysiology the study of the becomes of the personate parts or structures and their relationships in maintaininglife processes.Levels of Structural OrganizationThe human body consists of directs of structural physical composition that be associated with one an opposite.There are six levels of structural electric organizationI. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances essential for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms.An atom is thesmallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple orcomplex. Different types of molecules combine to form oranelles (little organs). Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific functions.2. cellular level The cell is the elemental u nit of structureand function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles.3. waver level Tissues are groups of similar cells thatperform a specific function.There are four major types of tissues in the human bodya.epithelial tissue It is found lining bodycavities and covers the surface of the body.It functions inprotection, secretion, and excretion.b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces ofand in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the circumvents of body cavities.c. muscle tissue It functions in the movement ofbody parts and organs, and in the movement of substances passim the body.There are three major types of muscle tissue(1)skeletal muscle It is found affiliated to andcovering bones and it functions in bodymovement.(2)cardiac muscle It is located in the heartwall and functions in the contraction andrelaxation of the heart as it beats.(3) smooth muscle It is located in the walls of inherent or visceral organs and it functionsin moving substances throughout the body.d.nervous tissueIt is located in the brain andspinal corduroy, and extends to various tissues and organs.Itfunctions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the outer and infixed environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs.4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types oftissue working together to perform a specific function.5. organ system level sTstems are groups of organsthat work closely together to perform a normal function.There are eleven organ systems in the human bodyaog.h.i.j.k.integumentary system knock-down(a) systemskeletal systemnervous systemendocrine systemcardiovascular systemlymphatic systemrespiratory systemdigestive systemurinary systemreproductive system6. organismic level It is the highest level of structuralorganization and it consists of groups of organ systems wo rking together to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (to pinch the same). Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits.HomeostasisBody parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within certain limits or optimum levels.The survival needs includewater,oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion.Oxyqen is needful for many of the metabolicreactions that break down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently.If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down o r may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the clog of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three partsi. receptor It responds to sensory stimulifrom theinternal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center.2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response.Information is then sent along corticoefferentpathways to the effector.3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positiv e feedback mechanism.Most controlmechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are cast out feedback mechanisms.